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BURUNDI-RWANDA: Omar Sabimana: "We are like prisoners in this camp"

Tue, 23 Oct 2007 04:09:09 GMT

Tuesday, October 23, 2007

Omar Sabimana, 25, a Rwandan refugee in Burundi, was transferred to Giharo in the southeastern province of Rutana in 2006. He finds camp life stultifying and would like to work.

"I fled Rwanda in 2005. I first found refuge at Rwisuri in northern Ngozi province, then Songore. We were later forced back into Rwanda, but I kept coming back. They wanted to force me to go to Arusha [in Tanzania, where the tribunal trying suspected ringleaders on the 1994 Rwandan genocide is based] to testify against Elie Ndayambaje [a genocide suspect].

"I refused to go there; I feel I have nothing to say. I was only 12 when the genocide took place. How can I remember what he did or did not do? I only remember that my parents were killed and I was left alone and Ndayambaje took me to his home.

"Like other orphans, Ibuka, [an organisation of survivors of the genocide, which seeks justice and social and economic wellbeing of those affected], built me a house, but I refused to testify on an issue I know nothing about.

"I have lived in this camp since last year, but I feel like I have lived here for ages. Many of us here have nothing to do. Spending the whole day idle at my age is unbearable.

"We are like prisoners. We have to ask for permission to go out, and we have to be back by 6pm. We have refugee cards but they do not allow us to move freely. If I were allowed to move, I could look for a job among Burundian families.

"Those responsible for the camp helped some refugees find jobs as assistant builders. They can easily get 20,000 francs or even 30,000 per month (US$20), but others do not have jobs. The only job I can get is as farm labourer, but the pay is small.

"If we were allowed out, we could go to other provinces and work to improve our lives.

"I only receive 10kg of flour, 5kg of beans, a litre of oil and three bars of soap every month, but sometimes the rations come late.

"I can't live like this all my life. As I don’t plan to go back to Rwanda, I feel they have to let us out to look for jobs wherever possible."

Source: IRIN

BURUNDI: Sexual violence, cultural prejudice put women in HIV crosshairs

Thu, 20 Sep 2007 05:30:56 GMT

Thursday, September 20, 2007

The low social status of Burundi's women leaves them vulnerable to sexual violence, while cultural taboos prevent them from seeking help. This is compounding their risk of contracting HIV and other sexually transmitted infections, according to local non-governmental organisations (NGOs).

In its annual report, Ligue ITEKA, a local human rights group, found that despite the end of 13 years of war, when ethnic and sexual violence were common, and a return to democracy in 2005, sexual violence continued to rise, with 1,930 cases reported in 2006, compared with 983 in 2003.

"Sexual intercourse being the most common mode of HIV transmission, it goes without saying that rape, which in most cases is accompanied by physical trauma, drastically increases the risks of infection," Dr Jean Rirangira, technical manager at the National Council for HIV/AIDS control, CNLS, told IRIN/PlusNews.

The government and NGOs have developed several initiatives to help women and girls affected by sexual violence, but "only half the victims come for treatment", Rirangira said.

Shamed into silence

"The community almost blames the crime on the victim rather than the criminal; this makes them hold back," said Aline Ndayikeza, programme officer at Nturengaho 'STOP', a centre where women are offered post-exposure prophylactics (PEP) and trauma counselling after being sexually assaulted. "Many of those who come here tell us they are ashamed of telling their family for fear of their reaction."

Aline Iradukunda was 17 when she was accosted and raped on her way from church one Sunday evening. Although she was taken to hospital when her friends found her shortly afterwards, she did not receive PEP and a few months later found out she had contracted HIV.

"I felt so low ... as an orphan taking care of my young brother, with no possibility of continuing studies, life had no more a meaning," she told IRIN/PlusNews. Iradukunda's aunt, with whom she was living at the time, did not bother to send her back to school after the rape. She now does petty trading through Nturengaho.

Like many rape survivors in Burundi, she did not report her attack to the police, so her attacker has never been brought to justice.

According to Nturengaho's Ndayikeza, local traditions also condoned harmful sexual practices: rural women, especially, were subjected to sexual advances from their male in-laws, and refusing to have sex with a father-in-law could result in a woman being denied land or cattle that she ordinarily would be entitled to. Widow inheritance by brothers-in-law was also common.

"This was perhaps tolerated in a community with no HIV threat, but it is very dangerous now; many families have been completely decimated because of this practice," she commented.

Young girls and even infants were also at risk. An ITEKA survey in 2004 found that of the 2,173 people interviewed, 40 percent believed that "sexual violence with teenagers [children, especially infants, protects against HIV/AIDS, while 34.8 percent believe that teens are not infected."

The government and groups like ITEKA are providing legal aid to survivors of sexual violence but, according to Scholastique Ntirampemba of the ministry of national solidarity, human rights and gender, few women made use of the service.

"Many victims seem reluctant to start a legal procedure, as they know that in the long run the crime will not be taken seriously," Ntirampemba said. Her ministry's main focus has been on changing the community's perception of sexual violence, especially with regard to reporting it and assisting survivors.

She also noted that the penal code dealt too lightly with sex offenders, and said a revision of the code with stronger punishments urgently needed to be passed by parliament.

The CNLS's Rirangira agreed, and said the tougher stance should be accompanied by training for medical staff to ensure that they offered survivors the correct assistance, including training in testifying in sexual assault cases.

President Pierre Nkurunziza has made fighting HIV/AIDS a priority, and the government and its partners have set up several centres where women and girls can receive post-trauma counselling and medical attention.

Source: PlusNews

BURUNDI: Sex and drugs leave Bujumbura's homeless at risk of HIV

Fri, 20 Jul 2007 05:54:44 GMT

Friday, July 20, 2007

Thousands of children and adults living rough on the streets of Burundi's capital, Bujumbura, face a daily struggle to eat and find a warm corner to sleep in; many blot out the reality of their situation by turning to sex and drugs.

Innocent Bagayuwitonze, now 26, has been living on the streets for 12 years. He told IRIN/PlusNews that he used the pittance he earned as a casual labourer to pay local sex workers for their services. Unable to muster the same fee as other men, he only gets lucky when the girls have had a particularly bad night.

"We [homeless men and boys] offer them 1,000 francs [US$1]," he said. "We negotiate with them when they do not get the rich men they want."

Bagayuwitonze and other homeless people regularly get drunk or high on drugs in the evenings, and rarely use condoms, putting them at higher risk of contracting HIV. "When I negotiate for sex and the girl accepts, I don't remember to use a condom," he said.

Sexual violence is also prevalent, as people living on the streets of Bujumbura are vulnerable to sexual attacks and often have nowhere to turn.

Newcomers to the streets usually seek protection from older, more experienced boys, which often entails entering into a sexual relationship with one's protector.

Olivier Ndimubandi, 12, told IRIN/PlusNews about his humiliating rape by his protector, in the presence of other boys on the street. The attack left him injured, but he said he did not trust the non-governmental organisations (NGOs) that have offered him support, and had received no medical care.

A spate of violent rapes in the capital in 2005 was blamed on street dwellers, prompting the government to round up all street children and house them in a local rehabilitation centre, but a few months later they were back on the streets.

At Marthe Robin medical centre in Bujumbura, set up by Oeuvre Humanitaire pour la protection et le dévelopement de l'enfance en difficulté, a non-governmental organisation that cares for the city's homeless, Dr Cyrille Ntahompagaze admitted that the lethal combination of drugs, alcohol and sex made the over 5,000 street dwellers in the capital more vulnerable to HIV.

"We get about 80 street children coming for medical care per month, and in June alone we had three cases of sexually transmittable diseases, an indication that they have unprotected sex," he said, adding that it was difficult to follow up his patients, given their nomadic lifestyle.

Although some organisations have made an effort to educate the people living on the streets about HIV, many were apathetic. "They seem indeed to care little about their protection and [are] totally misinformed about the services available free of charge," said Didier Habonimana, another young man living on the streets, but who seemed to be better informed.

Bagayuwitonze, for instance, was unaware that health services could be accessed without payment. "If a street boy gets infected he dies rapidly because he cannot get drugs." He said he knew of six street boys who had died from AIDS-related illnesses.

Government programmes in Burundi, which has an HIV prevalence of about three percent, offer free HIV testing and counselling and free antiretroviral medication.

Source: PlusNews

BURUNDI: Ancilla Riziki: “We live on rich people’s garbage”

Tue, 17 Jul 2007 13:35:40 GMT

Tuesday, July 17, 2007

Ancilla Riziki, 38, lives with her nine children in Buterere, one of the poorest suburbs of the Burundian capital, Bujumbura. Struggling to find formal employment and with a large family to feed, she works on a rubbish dump, foraging through the garbage all day with no protection for her hands and feet.

“We were living at Gasenyi in the north of Bujumbura in 1993 but we had to leave because of the war. Kamenge was becoming a battlefield; every house was being destroyed. The whole population was leaving, so we moved to Buterere.

“I have no job here. With nine children to feed and clothe, it is not easy. I have hands to work, but there are no jobs. I would do any petty job I could find just to leave this place, but I cannot find one. Look at my eyes [Riziki’s eyes were very red and sore from the fumes of the rubbish dump]. A charity worker bought me glasses, but they are broken.

“There is no choice here; we live on rich people’s garbage. Every morning, I wait for the lorries. They normally come at eight and then we start digging and digging the mountains of rubbish the whole day.

“Many of us are widows or very poor. We live on scavenging. There are also men, young people and even children. Each group looks for specific objects; plastic bags, metallic items or food. Women normally look for charcoal, but sometimes, people throw away useful things. Then there are big battles here, especially among young men; the strongest get them.

“I normally get charcoal worth 200 francs (20 US cents) per day. We get very little because it is already used charcoal. With the money, I buy sweet potatoes for my children. But it is not enough for a big family like mine. Mostly, they go to sleep still hungry. Sometimes I can get clothes from here. With 200 francs, I cannot afford to buy them.

“I want to make sure my children do not end up here too. They all attend schools, except the three youngest, who are small. My oldest daughter is finishing secondary school thanks to a godfather who paid her expenses. The others are still in primary school. We are lucky that we do not have to pay school fees and each year charity organisations offer us school materials.”

Source: IRIN

BURUNDI: Regina Nzokirantevye, "I have been displaced most of my life"

Mon, 02 Jul 2007 06:01:13 GMT

Monday, July 02, 2007

CIBITOKE -

Regina Nzokirantevye, 70, left her home in Burundi’s northern province of Ngozi in 1972 when civil war broke out and only returned to the country in 2005, spending more than three decades as a refugee in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Since her return, she has been living in camps for returnees and the internally displaced:

"I am growing old, yet I am all alone in this house. When I left my home in 1972 I wasn't even married. I fled to Bukavu [in eastern DRC] where I married a Congolese man and had three children.

"Unfortunately, my husband and all my three children have died; they are all buried in DRC. When I heard that peace was returning to my country I decided to come back home and see if I could trace any of my relatives.

"I have suffered so much all my life; I don't even know where to begin. When I came back, I tried to find my relatives but my search has been futile. You can see that I'm now weak, I don't even have the energy to dig any more.

"All I depend on is this small patch of land outside my house [with a few maize stalks] and begging from the communities living near our camp. I can't even go out and ask to work on their farms because I no longer have the energy.

"All I need now is a little work to sustain myself; at least I can still do most of the domestic chores by myself. Where to get money for food and other needs is my main problem."

Source: IRIN

BURUNDI: Study says coffee harvest linked to increase in gender-based violence

Mon, 11 Jun 2007 12:31:20 GMT

Monday, June 11, 2007

The April-July coffee harvest period in Burundi has been linked to increases in gender-based violence and the risk of contracting HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases.

It is not uncommon for women and children to be on the receiving end of both physical and emotional abuse during this period, CARE International, an international non-governmental organization (NGO) operating in the country, said in a new report.

"Men were described as becoming more violent during this period as a strategy to scare women away from raising any issues related to money," the NGO said.

The coffee harvesting season is a period when men have extra cash in their pockets derived from the proceeds of sales to coffee associations, though it is usually women that do most of the coffee-picking.

CARE International in Burundi carried out research to assess the impact of the coffee harvest on families and women in particular. CARE said it would share the results of the study with development actors in the country in a bid to create awareness of the negative impacts of the coffee harvest on women.

Increased alcohol consumption
It said other negative impacts of the coffee harvest include: an increase in alcohol consumption; the interruption of school attendance; an increase in the workload of women and men, with little or not benefit to women; an increase in adulterous behaviour among both men and women.

The results of the study, CARE hoped, would help identify possible activities to mitigate these negative impacts on women, and also identify possible activities or approaches for preventing and reducing household conflicts.

The study - carried out in March in the provinces of Gitega, Ngozi and Kayanza - involved discussion with groups of women and men as well as individual interviews. Coffee is an important cash crop for many families in these provinces.

Ideas for improving situation
CARE said that through its in-depth discussions with women and men covered by the study, a number of ideas and opportunities had emerged with the potential to improve the situation of women, particularly in relation to coffee production.

These, CARE said, include partnering with local coffee associations - which are mainly made up of men - to offer training and support in gender sensitive approaches such as conflict resolution.

"Offering training and support in financial management and investment strategies would address the knowledge gap in these areas (something men pointed out during discussions)," CARE reported.

It said it would scale up peace and conflict activities such as supporting training in conflict resolution as well as supporting community level monitoring of conflict.

Source: IRIN

BURUNDI: Moise Barekezabe, “Home is home, despite the hardships”

Sat, 09 Jun 2007 15:25:54 GMT

Saturday, June 09, 2007

Moise Barekezabe, 40, one of thousands of internally displaced people (IDPs) in Burundi, is happy to be back in the country despite living in camps, without a job or income, since his return in 2002.

Barekezabe left with his parents in 1972 when he was only four, fleeing the civil war. Together with Burundian refugees who had lived for years in the neighbouring Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Barekezabe returned home due to civil war in the DRC.

"When my parents left the country, we moved through Tanzania and Rwanda before finally living as refugees in the DRC. My parents died there.

"We decided to come back in 2002 because of the war in the DRC. Initially we returned to Gatumba [a commune near the Burundi-DRC border] but after the killings of Congolese refugees there in 2004, we were moved here to Rukaramu [a commune in Bujumbura Rural, the province around the capital, Bujumbura].

"I could not return to the land my parents owned because it was occupied a long time ago; besides I would not even know where it is: all I know is it was in Gitega Province. But all the land has been taken. So we are here in this camp, I have a sister who also lives here. I could not locate any other relatives upon my return.

"Although we live in very poor conditions here, we thank God because we have these houses [built with contributions from UN agencies on land provided by the government]. However, we have no land to till; we survive by begging or working for the neighbouring communities.

"When I compare life in the DRC with this here at the camp, I can say it is somehow different; this is home. Home is home despite all the suffering and hardship. At least I can say I am in my house.

"I have a wife and five children, some of whom are in the school [nearby] put up with the help of the UNHCR [UN High Commissioner for Refugees]. My wife is jobless, I am jobless. Whenever we get work in neighbouring farms, we are only paid in food or part of the harvest, we don’t get money.

"It is good that the government has made healthcare free for children and expectant mothers but what about us who do not have money? Initially we had documents showing that we had just returned to the country so we got treatment free of charge but these documents have expired and we have no way of renewing them. We are now at the mercy of diseases such as malaria and worms.

"Looking ahead, I don’t see any hope. We had hoped the government would help us with land to cultivate but it says it is still investigating to see where to settle us; it has been four years, we are still waiting.

"The biggest challenge for me is: how can I help my family? If only I got a job or some money to put my affairs in order. We are near the capital; I think I could help my family if I got a job or some money.

"In the meantime, malaria and worms are killing us; the mosquito nets we have are tattered, so they no longer protect against the mosquitoes and as you can see, we are next to a rice-growing project and there is stagnant water all over. We do not have safe drinking water, and our children are at great risk of catching waterborne diseases and this worries me very much.”

Source: IRIN

BURUNDI: Appeal for $132m humanitarian aid

Tue, 20 Mar 2007 09:13:26 GMT

Tuesday, March 20, 2007

United Nations agencies and other humanitarian organisations in Burundi have appealed for US$132 million in humanitarian aid to assist vulnerable people this year.

Launching the Consolidated Appeals Process (CAP) in Burundi's northwestern province of Cibitoke on Wednesday, Mahmoud Youssef, the special Representative of the UN Secretary-General in Burundi, said the focus for the year would be solely on humanitarian concerns, unlike previous appeals that also included recovery from war and peace-building.

Eight UN agencies, 13 international organisations and four local NGOs participated in the 2007 appeal. The CAP is a UN-led initiative aimed at coordinating and streamlining donor aid for maximum effect.

Youssef appealed to Burundi's international and national partners to respond positively to the appeal and help mobilise the necessary funds not only to "respond to the emergency needs but also lay the foundation for food self-sufficiency".

He added: "More than $59 million of the requested amount will go to the World Food Programme [WFP] for food aid."

Food aid provided by the WFP, he said, was previously sought under the Great Lakes Region's CAP, and therefore did not feature in the CAP for Burundi. The change had led to an increase in the country's CAP budget for food aid.

The WFP representative in Burundi, Gerald van Dijk, said the agency only had funds to cover food aid from January to March, and additional funds were required as soon as possible for the second quarter.

Youssef said the three priorities set out in the 2007 CAP were: surveillance of the humanitarian situation and early warning, with particular attention to the needs of internally displaced persons and returnees; rapid response to humanitarian emergencies; and the reduction of vulnerability resulting from the lack of access to basic services. He added that these were consistent with the government's priorities.

Meanwhile, at least one million Burundians will depend on food aid in 2007, the minister for national solidarity, human rights and gender, Françoise Ngendahayo, who attended the CAP launch, said.

She said besides food aid, Burundi had other humanitarian challenges, such as assistance for at least 390,000 returnees from Tanzania and internally displaced people.

According to the CAP, 80,000 refugees are expected to return in 2007.

Author: IRIN

Source: IRIN

AFRICA: Adapt or face crisis, warn climate analysts

Mon, 29 Jan 2007 06:06:40 GMT

Monday, January 29, 2007

Africa must learn to adapt to the world’s changing climate if lives and livelihoods are to be saved, according to a report on the effects of global warming on the African continent.

Many Africans could be facing severe hunger problems as extreme weather conditions on the continent deplete food production, says the new study focusing on climate change in the Horn of Africa and East Africa. According to Mario Herrero, co-author of the report titled ‘Mapping Climate Vulnerability in Africa’, farmers will need help in adapting to the frequent droughts and floods that are expected to hit the arid and semi-arid areas in the region.

Speaking at the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in Nairobi, Kenya, Herrero said that smallholder pastoralists were the most vulnerable to the vagaries of changing weather patterns.

"Africa appears to have some of the greatest burdens of climate change and is also generally limited in its ability to cope and adapt. Yet it has the lowest per capita emission of greenhouse gases," he said.

The changing weather patterns and varying amounts of rainfall will also affect crop-livestock farming systems in Rwanda and Burundi, added the report commissioned by Britain’s Department for International Development.

"While a peasant farmer may not understand climate change, he appreciates that it is increasingly becoming difficult to time the planting seasons as rainfall is unpredictable," Beneah Daniel Odhiambo, a Geography professor at Kenya’s Moi University, said.

"As a result, there is high crop failure resulting in famine in many parts of Africa. Prolonged seasons of drought also cause the migration of people to other areas and is a potential source of conflict between communities competing for scarce resources," he added.

According to Herrero, efforts to reduce greenhouse gases must be accompanied by a quest to help poor countries adapt.

"People will experience great problems unless there is investment in adaptation options," he told IRIN, adding that water conservation projects in drought-prone areas could alleviate the problem.

Andy Atkins, advocacy director of the development agency Tearfund, said governments must take into account the effects of climate change before implementing projects.

"Before governments embark on major agriculture projects, they must understand how increasingly erratic rainfall will affect water supply and crop yields," Atkins said ahead of the launch of a report by Tearfund entitled ‘Overcoming Barriers’.

"By the end of the decade this climate-proofing of development must become the norm, not the exception. Without urgent action, billions of dollars of aid money could be wasted and many lives needlessly jeopardised," Atkins added.

Pastoralist communities are being urged to diversify their farming activities to limit the effects of global warming. According to Herrero, farmers need to introduce drought-resistant food crops, and rely less on livestock which could be wiped out by disease.

Adapting to climate change is high on the agenda at the UNFCCC which runs until 17 November.

According to Yvo de Boer, who heads the conference: "The urgency of adaptation has increased because of the awareness of the problem."

One of the topics under discussion is how to manage the UNFCCC's Adaptation Fund, designed to help developing countries adjust to the changing climate through changes in farming and water conservation.

Projects already underway in East Africa include the building of dams to save water in southern Kenya, and crop diversification in Tanzania.

A report published by the Nairobi-based International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), the Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), New Delhi, and the African Centre for Technology Studies (ACTS), climate change could make it difficult for some developing countries to achieve the millennium development goals.

Tom Owiyo, one of the authors of the ILRI report said: "Climate change presents a global ethical challenge as well as a development, scientific and organisational challenge in Africa."

Separately, "LDC's [Least Developed Countries] development objectives cannot be separated from adaptation," said Lester Malgas of NGO Climate Action Network, South Africa.

Author: IRIN

Source: IRIN

AFRICA: Adapt or face crisis, warn climate analysts

Sun, 21 Jan 2007 06:26:04 GMT

Sunday, January 21, 2007

Africa must learn to adapt to the world’s changing climate if lives and livelihoods are to be saved, according to a report on the effects of global warming on the African continent.

Many Africans could be facing severe hunger problems as extreme weather conditions on the continent deplete food production, says the new study focusing on climate change in the Horn of Africa and East Africa.

According to Mario Herrero, co-author of the report titled ‘Mapping Climate Vulnerability in Africa’, farmers will need help in adapting to the frequent droughts and floods that are expected to hit the arid and semi-arid areas in the region.

Speaking at the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in Nairobi, Kenya, Herrero said that smallholder pastoralists were the most vulnerable to the vagaries of changing weather patterns.

"Africa appears to have some of the greatest burdens of climate change and is also generally limited in its ability to cope and adapt. Yet it has the lowest per capita emission of greenhouse gases," he said.

The changing weather patterns and varying amounts of rainfall will also affect crop-livestock farming systems in Rwanda and Burundi, added the report commissioned by Britain’s Department for International Development.

"While a peasant farmer may not understand climate change, he appreciates that it is increasingly becoming difficult to time the planting seasons as rainfall is unpredictable," Beneah Daniel Odhiambo, a Geography professor at Kenya’s Moi University, said.

"As a result, there is high crop failure resulting in famine in many parts of Africa. Prolonged seasons of drought also cause the migration of people to other areas and is a potential source of conflict between communities competing for scarce resources," he added.

According to Herrero, efforts to reduce greenhouse gases must be accompanied by a quest to help poor countries adapt.

"People will experience great problems unless there is investment in adaptation options," he told IRIN, adding that water conservation projects in drought-prone areas could alleviate the problem.

Andy Atkins, advocacy director of the development agency Tearfund, said governments must take into account the effects of climate change before implementing projects.

"Before governments embark on major agriculture projects, they must understand how increasingly erratic rainfall will affect water supply and crop yields," Atkins said ahead of the launch of a report by Tearfund entitled ‘Overcoming Barriers’.

"By the end of the decade this climate-proofing of development must become the norm, not the exception. Without urgent action, billions of dollars of aid money could be wasted and many lives needlessly jeopardised," Atkins added.

Pastoralist communities are being urged to diversify their farming activities to limit the effects of global warming. According to Herrero, farmers need to introduce drought-resistant food crops, and rely less on livestock which could be wiped out by disease.

Adapting to climate change is high on the agenda at the UNFCCC which runs until 17 November.

According to Yvo de Boer, who heads the conference: "The urgency of adaptation has increased because of the awareness of the problem."

One of the topics under discussion is how to manage the UNFCCC's Adaptation Fund, designed to help developing countries adjust to the changing climate through changes in farming and water conservation.

Projects already underway in East Africa include the building of dams to save water in southern Kenya, and crop diversification in Tanzania.

A report published by the Nairobi-based International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), the Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), New Delhi, and the African Centre for Technology Studies (ACTS), climate change could make it difficult for some developing countries to achieve the millennium development goals.

Tom Owiyo, one of the authors of the ILRI report said: "Climate change presents a global ethical challenge as well as a development, scientific and organisational challenge in Africa."

Separately, "LDC's [Least Developed Countries] development objectives cannot be separated from adaptation," said Lester Malgas of NGO Climate Action Network, South Africa.

Source: IRIN