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The Role and contribution of Islam in promoting the Culture of peace in a Globalized World

Friday, July 04, 2008
(Part 7)

How can Muslims contribute in Promoting Peace in the 21stcentury?

As defined above, globalization is based on secular materialistic philosophy whose main target is to marginalize religion, especially Islam and Muslims. But as we said earlier, globalism as consciously designed is different from globalism as unconsciously unfolding.

The Tijaniyyah mystic Order describes the Prophet in their system of invocation as “the Opener of what was closed). The positive forces of globalism must be read against the back ground of the Prophet being the opener of what was closed (al-Fatih li ma Ughliq). As a result, neither ignoring the forces of globalism nor adopting it lock stock and barrel will be the solutions. So, given the problems outlined above, in order for Muslims to promote peace, the writer would suggest the following:

1- Embarking on a process of restoration of Muslim self-dignity and self- Integrity. This is because an internally weak and hopeless individual cannot effectively promote peace. The way to do that is to cure our disease of loss of adab by valuing knowledge and the learned, respect hierarchical authority and revitalize and develop ethics of disagreement as were established by our upright ancestors

2- As the Prophet showed us a gentle, calm rational respond to the provocation of an aggressor. The Qur’an says: and when the foolish addresses them (with bad words) the y reply back with words of salam (peace), al-Furqan 25: 63

Such an approach necessitates perfection of the art of debate and dialogue. I emphasis perfection here for a simple reason that in order for one to engage in effective and productive dialogue, one needs to read extensively to be intellectually well-equipped to know the strategies and tactics of those with whom he dialogue, especially if we know that dialogue according to the Prophet never mean compromising one’s fundamentals and especially when we also know that the other party does not just dialogue but they dialogue based on a strategy of the world mind game for which they have been highly equipped

Based on the Qur’anic and prophetic method of the necessity of the balance of powers, Muslims can also contribute to peace by seriously getting ready for deterrent engagements of self-defense. The Prophet showed us that demands of the flesh satisfying vices like greed must be curbed. The greedy if not forcefully deterred will continue to prey on the weak. So, constant readiness for defensive war can contribute to the world peace. It was in this vein that the Prophet warned us of wahan (extreme love of this world and fear of death to preserve dignity)

By Dr. Omar Jah Jr

Study on Women and Islam Commissioned

Friday, July 04, 2008
A research study conducted by Dr. Omar Jah PhD Senior Lecturer in Islamic Studies at the University of The Gambia was recently launched at the Tango offices in Kanifing.

The study, titled Action Aid Study on Women and Islam, aims among other things to clearly demonstrate the position of Islam pertaining to gender and to challenge some misgivings about Islamic gender policies.

The findings of the survey results show that the professional level, responses from Islamic religious leaders vis-à-vis Islamic law and covering of a women’s face in public, obligation of the female circumcision in Islam, and Islamic law and women’s inheritance of land are somehow disturbing.

In general, the findings show that although much needs to be done, if the present Gambian gender attitudes and policies are read against the background of the researcher’s theoretical framework, The Gambia can be characterised as a country on the right track.

Recommendations of the findings suggest that there is a need for more funding for research like the one being launched in order to bring to the fore the comparison in a more universal sample size.

It further suggested that government should establish a bureau comprising a male and female scholars at the level of the Qadi Appeal panel, whose jurisdiction would be to investigate complaints from couples with regard to the abuse of power in divorce or khul. It also highlights the need for capacity building for Qadis as well as strengthening of the recording techniques at Qadi courts in order to facilitate the due process of family law matters.

Speaking on the occasion, the author of the report, Dr Jah, said that the study demonstrates that every legal, political, or sociological complication at any age, Islam can give a proper solution if handled properly based on a pure Islamic worldview and agenda. “The issue of gender is cross cutting, and to demonstrate the Islamic perception to the gender discourse a refined handling of the Qur’anic and the Sunni injunctions is need to cause a proper orientation of attitudes and policies,” he said.

Dr Jah commended all individuals and institutions who supported him during the research.

Participants at the launch of the study all applauded Dr. Omar Jah for a job well done.

By Nfamara Jawneh & Njie Baldeh
Picture: Dr Omar Jah Jr

The Role and contribution of Islam in promoting the Culture of peace in a Globalized World (Part 7)

Friday, June 20, 2008

How can Muslims contribute in Promoting Peace in the 21st century?

 

As defined above, globalization is based on secular materialistic philosophy whose main target is to marginalize religion, especially Islam and Muslims. But as we said earlier, globalism as consciously designed is different from globalism as unconsciously unfolding.

The Tijaniyyah mystic Order describes the Prophet in their system of invocation as (al-Fatih li ma Ughliq) “the Opener of what was closed”. The positive forces of globalism must be read against the back ground of the Prophet being the opener of what was closed. As a result, our solution in globalization is neither to ignore its forces nor to adopt it lock stock and barrel. So, given the problems outlined above, in order for Muslims to promote peace, the writer would suggest the following:

1- Embarking on a process of restoration of Muslim self-dignity and self- Integrity. This is because an internally weak and hopeless individual cannot effectively promote peace. The way to do that is to cure our disease of loss of adab by valuing knowledge and the learned, respect hierarchical authority and revitalize and develop ethics of disagreement as were established by our upright ancestors

2- As the Prophet showed us, when a non-Muslim passer-bye said to him “poison on to you” (al-sam ‘alaika) pretending he was greeting him with “peace be onto you” (assalaamu ‘alaika. Those who were present got very angry and emotional and were ready to act against him. However, the Prophet taught them a good lesson of self-control and he gently replied: “and onto you”. This was a rational respond to the provocation of an aggressor. The Qur’an says: and when the foolish addresses them (with bad words) they reply back with words of salam (peace), al-Furqan 25: 63

Such an approach necessitates perfection of the art of dialogue and debate. I mean to emphasize “perfection of the art of dialogue” here for a simple reason that in order for one to engage in effective and productive dialogue with a non-Muslim, one needs to read extensively to be well-equipped to know the strategies and tactics of those with whom he engages in dialogue, especially if we know that dialogue according to the Prophet never mean compromising one’s fundamentals and especially when we also know that the other party does not just dialogue but they dialogue based on a strategy of the world mind game for which they have been highly equipped

3-Based on the Qur’anic and prophetic method vis a vis the necessity of the balance of powers, Muslims can also contribute to peace by seriously getting ready for deterrent engagements of self-defense. The Prophet showed us that demands of the flesh can never be quenched and that the carnal soul’s pursuance of vices such as greed must be checked closely. The greedy if not forcefully deterred will continue to prey on the weak. So, constant readiness for defensive war can contribute to the world peace. It was in this vein that the Prophet warned us of wahan (extreme love for this world and fear of death that compromises one’s dignity)

 

To be continued
By Dr. Omar Jah Jr

In the name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful

Friday, June 06, 2008
Zakat

Zakat is a fundamental pillar of Islam.  It is important to remind wealthy Muslims of the significance of this Pillar, which requires them to give out a portion of their wealth to Allah.

Zakat is an important pillar that is ordained by Allah.  It is a way of purifying one’s wealth and also to secure it.  It is an obligation which has to be performed by all Muslims.

It has been mentioned 82 times in the Quran.  The reason why Zakat is obligatory is given in both the Quran and the hadith.  It is said that it started in the early days of Islam in Mecca.  But during that time the amount of wealth to be given out was not limited.  People just gave out Zakat as they wished.  A large number of scholars agreed that a regulation was made as to how much one should give out for Zakat.

This regulation is called Nisab.  The Quran however clearly states the authority given to the Prophet by Allah, in order to collect Zakat from his people.

Sura Tawba V.103-105 states: of their wealth take alms, that so thou mightest purify and sanctify them, and pray on their behalf, verily their prayers are a source of security for them: and Allah is one who heareth and knoweth.  Know they not that Allah doth accept repentance from this votaries and receives their gifts of charity, and that Allah is verily he, the oft-returning, most merciful? And say: work (righteousness) soon will Allah observe your work and this messenger, and the believers.  Soon will ye be brought back to the knower of what is hidden and what is open.

Then will he show you the truth of all that they did.

Zakat is again mentioned in Sura Nur V.56: So establish regular prayer and give Zakat and obey the messenger.  That ye may receive mercy.

In the hadith the Prophet (SAWs) revealed that those followers of Allah who pray five times, keep the fast in the month of Ramadan, give out Zakat, and avoid any thing Allah pro-hibits, will have the gates of heaven opened for them when they die.

The Prophet also stressed that Zakat should be given out so that one’s wealth can be purified and secured.

Give out alms to get away from sickness is stated in the hadith.  So therefore, it is necessary for us to give out alms make supplications so that we can be saved from evil and santa.

Those entitled to Zakat would definitely be the heedy.  Sura Tanba v.60 states: Alms are for the poor and the needy, and those employed to administer the (funds): for those whose hearts have been (recently) reconciled (to truth): for those in bondage and in debt; in the cause of Allah: and for the way farer: (Thus it is) ordained by Allah, and Allah is full of know ledge and wisdom.

So many scholars are convinced that the need for Zakat is to assist the poor man’s problems.

Consequently, Zakat should not be sent to distant places while those needy and close to you are suffering.  Some even say that the Zakat should not be taken or sent more than 80 kms away from one’s residence, except the needy are not in your area.

In many Muslim countries, you have what are called Zakat houses, and they are places where Zakats are taken to. The officers in charge of these houses would then distribute the gifts to the poor and the needy.

The Gambia being a small country, people tend to know each other.  Consequently, it is very easy for the wealthy, the well to do, to identify the needy and the poor and give them their Zakat.

All Muslims should pay Zakat, taking into consideration that whatever you have is from Allah, and he is capable of taking it from you at anytime and in anyway.

Sura Tauba v.34-35.. And there are those who hoard gold and silver and spend it not in the way of Allah: anounce into them a most grievous chastisementy.  On the day when it will be heated in the fire of hell, and with it will be Branded their foreheads, their flanks, and their backs, this is the (treasure) which ye hoarded for your selves taste ye, then, the (treasures) ye hoarded for yourselves: taste ye, then the (treasures) ye hoarded.

The Almighty wants Zakat to be  given out when healthy and strong as stated in Sura Munafiqun v.10. And spend something (in charity) out of the substance which we have bestowed on you, before death should come to any of you and he should say, O my Lord!  Why didst thou not give me respite for a little while?  I should then have given (largely) in charity, and I should have been one of the doers of good “But to no avail will Allah grant respite when the time appointed (for it) has come and Allah is well acquainted with (all) that ye do.”







DO

Decline and fall of Songhai Internal causes

Monday, May 19, 2008
In 1528, Askia Mohammed had been on the throne for thirty-five years.  He was now a grand old man of eighty-five years and for the last ten years he had become increasingly blind and infirm.  His children took advantage of this and deposed him sending him to exile on a small island in the Niger called Kankaka.

The treatment of Askia the great caused dissension and rivalry which inevitably weakened the unity of the empire.  What followed the overthrow of Askia Mohammed in Songhai was a series of dynastic intrigues and short and unsuccessful reigns by sometimes-incompetent rulers.

In a relatively short period of twenty-one years, between 1528 and 1549, as many as four kings occupied the Songhai throne, each one deposing his predecessor.  Askia Musa, who came to the throne in 1528 after his father was deposed, was himself overthrown after only five years reign.  Askia Musa was known to be cruel ruler and was assassinated in 1533.  Askia Musa was succeeded to the throne by Askia the Great’s nephew, Askia Bankouri.  Like his cousin, Musa, he ruled harshly and was himself deposed after an uneventful four-year rule.

Following Askia Bankouri’s overthrow, the throne went back to the direct line of Askia the great when his son Askia Ismail was made king of Songhai.  One of his first acts was to bring his father home from exile.  Unfortunately this very promising ruler died only two years after mounting the throne.

The next ruler, Askia Ishak I, reigned for ten years, from 1539 to 1549.  He had a certain amount of success in reducing rebellious vassal states to submission and he rejected the Moroccan claims on the salt mines to the North of the empire.  But when he came to the throne the series of short reigns before him had already weakened Songhai.

 However, Songhai’s prestige was partially revived under the next ruler Askia Daud who had a very long reign lasting some thirty-three years.  Askia Daud succeeded in regaining most of the territories lost since the time of his great grand father, Askia the great by suppressing all the turbulent peoples especially the Tuareg in the north.  Askid Daud also established further posts in the Sahara to ensure the security of the trade routes.  Even though in his long reign Askia Daud was able to restore much of Songhai’s power and prestige, he could not heal all the wounds which has been inflicted on Songhai during the previous twenty-one years.

To make matters worse, after Askia Daud’s death in 1582, the three Askias who followed, like many before them, were known to be very immoral and weak rulers. It was during the reign of the last of these three rulers, Askia Ishak II, that Songhai was invaded by Morocco.

Effects of the Conquest of Songhai

The Moroccan conquest of the empire of Songhai had several consequences on the history of the western Sudan. In the first place, the Moroccans failed to establish any system of government in place of the one they had destroyed. Thus with no effective central government to maintain peace and order,chaos and anarchy set in.

This state of instability naturally helped the process of distintegration in the Western Sudan. Different peoples such as the Tuareg, the Fulani and the Bambara fought against each other for the control of the region and these struggles continued till the nineteenth century. During these wars cities like Gao, Timbuctu and Jenne declined both as centres of trade and as seats of learning. As a result of the anarchy and insecutrity, trade was greatly disturbed and the Trans-Saharan trade became an annual affair.

By a coincidence Portuguese, Dutch and English trading activities on the Guinea Coast combined with the disturbed situation in the Western Sudan, meant that the centre of West African trade shifted from the North to the Western and southern coasts of west Africa. Finally as the Moroccan invaders paid no attention to religion and learning, Islam declined in these regions and animism began to flourish. It was not until the beginning of the nineteenth century that the islamist revivalist movements were launched by the Fulani in the Western Sudan.

Futa  Toro

When Arabic-writing historians first mentioned the Western Sudan in the tenth and eleventh centuries A.D, the also wrote of a series of African states along the river Senegal. On the coast North of the Senegal estuary was the town of Awlil, which exported salt to the states along the river. Near the estuary on both banks was the kingdom of Saghana. Further up river was the Kingdom of Futa Toro originally known as Tekrur.

Political History

The ancestors of the Tukulor founded Tekrur probably as early as the birth of Christ, By the time the first surviving records in Arabic were written, its rulers were over lords of all peoples on both banks of the lower and middle Senegal and their authority stretched towards the Gambia. Tekrur’s importance is demonstrated by the fact that early Arabic writers  the western Sudan described the whole region as “the land of Tekrur”.

The greatest part of Tekrur imperial expansion may have taken place under the Dya’ogo dynasty, which came to power in about A.D. 850 and which became the first ruling family to earn a place in the history of Tekrur. The Dya’ogo rulers were overthrown in about A.D. 980 by the Mandinka manna dynasty which came from Diara and probably consolidated the wealth and power of Tekrur.

Little is known about individual rulers of the manna dynasty except that one of them war-Jabi, who died in  about A.D. 1040 became one of the first muslin rulers in West Africa. War-Jabi compelled his leading subjects to become Muslims and also introduced’ Islamic Law into his empire. Thus it was that when a Muslim missionary Abdullah Ibn Yacin, fled from persection by the Sanhaja Berbers, he sought refuge in the Senegal Valley. From a base in the Senegal estuary, he taught the need for a jihad against non-Muslims and in preparation for this he built up a body of fanatical and devoted supporters, mainly from the Lamtuna tribe of the Sanhaja Berbers, with the intention of converting all the Sanhaja by force.

War-Jabi’s Son, Lebi, saw the political and economic advantages for Tekrur if Abdullah Ibn Yacin was given support in his mission against the Berbers. The Sanhaja Berbers, a Confederation of the Goddala, Lamtuna and Mesufa peoples, controlled the desert trade routes northwards from both Tekrur and her more powerful neighbour to the east, the Serahule empire of Ghana. By this time, Ghana, as we know was the most powerful state in the Western Sudan; it enjoyed the major share in the export of gold from the upper Senegal, and it had already forced Tekrur to become a semi- independent state of the Serahule empier.

Alliance with Ibn Yacin thus offered Lebi two important opportunities. In the first, place a joint effort by the Sanhaja Confederation and Tekrur to crush pagan Ghana’s power might enable Tekrur to regain its independence and to win ascendancy in the gold trade. In the second place, even if Ibn Yacin failed the Sanhaja might be sufficiently weakened for Tekrur to extend its political authority over the Goddala to the north.

Thus Ibn Yacin, with his followers converted into a militant Islamic force, known as the almoravids, and aided by the forces of Tekrur waged a long campaign that led to the conquest of Kumbi, Ghana’s capital in 1076. For a time, Tekrur enjoyed a period of independence but it could not replace Ghana as the imperial power of the Western Sudan. That status was of course filled by the rising star of Manding which annexed Tekrur as a vassal state.

Futa Toro and the Denianke

Soon after 1500 a group of Fulani cattle breeders ruled by a prince called Tenguella waged a revolt against the over lordship of Askia Mohammed of Songhai. These groups of fula were living at this time in the plains between Thermesand Nioro, lands that were once the homeland of ancient Ghana in the area between the Upper Niger and the Sahara. This area had passed from the control of Ghana to the control of Manding, and was now under the authority of the kings of Songhai.

Tenguella and his ‘band of fula warriors revolted against Askia Mohammed of Songhai mainly because they wanted freedom of movement for their cattle. Perhaps they also resented the taxes which they were supposed to pay their Songhai overlords.

Tenguella led his warriors across the plains against Diara. one of the old successor states of Ghana whose king was now a vassal of the Songhai emperor, perhaps encouraged by the reigning king of manding, who was now a declining rival of Askia Muhammed of Songhai. Askia Muhammed’s brother, Amar, led an army against the fulani raiders.

When the two armies met near Diara in 1512 Amar won and Tenguella was killed. This death of Tenguella only marked the beginning of further Fulani adventure.

Tenguella had a son named Koli by a wife who belonged the ruling family of Manding. Tenguella Koli led his fathers warriors South - Westward, crossed the upper Senegal river and arrived in Badiar, a regin which lie to the North-West of the Futa Jallon mountains. Here he was joined by many Mandinka warriors, who saw in him a bold leader as well as a relation of their own overlord, the king of Manding.

Seeking  a new home, these Fulani and Mandinka allies marched roud the fringe of the Wollof states and attacked the ancient state of Tekrur. Tenguella Koli and his Fulani-Mandinka army overthrew the ruling chiefs and set up a new line of kings as well as changing the name Tekrur into Futa Toro. These new rulers in futa toro were called the Denianke and proving themselves to be strong and capable rulers, they remained in control of this country until A.D. 1776, more than two centuries.

Decline and Fall

The Fulani who conquered an settled in Futa Toro were a people ready to abandon their nomadic ways and build a state of their own. It would appear that this change was largely due to their long contact with Mandinka people who were themselves not nomads. The Fulani who had now adopted new ways of living together also accepted the political authority of chiefs and ruling families settled in one place.

There were, however, certain factors that militated against the further growth of Futa Toro to a higher imperial status in the Western Sudan. One of these factors was that Ghana’s former supremacy in the area had permanently diverted the bulk of the gold trade along routes east of the Senegal and this went to benefit the successor state of Manding which arose in the area between the upper Senegal and Niger.

New immigrants such as the wollof also at various times carved out their own kingdoms from Futa Toro so that the area of its former empire became divided into a number of insignificant states.

The Fulani-Mandinka state builders in Futa Toro were people who held fast to their own traditional religions and resisted Islam. Because the new ruling class resisted Islam, the Muslim trader class of Futa Toro began to quit the trading towns which had long existed there just like the Muslims traders did in old Ghana when the non-Muslim rulers of old Tekrur had attacked and taken Kumbi, Ghana’s ancient capital. There followed from this clash of religions and movement of traders, a real decline in the commerical importance of Futa Toro, a decline that eventually led to its disappearance from the stage of history.

The Wollof Empire

The Wollof Empire emerged soon after A.D. 300 in the Senegambia valley between the rivers Gambia and Senegal and covered most of modern Senegal. To the north it was bounded by the river Senegal across which were to be found the moors of present day Mauritania.

To the North East it was bounded by the semi desert ferlo, beyond which lay Futa Toro. To the East it was bounded by states which came under the rule of Manding. To the South it was bounded by the river Gambia. By the end of the fifteenth century, the Wollof states of Jolof, Kayor, Baol, and Walo had become united in a federation with Jolof as the metroplitan power. Sine and Saloum were later brought within the union.

As the story of Ndyadyane Ndyaye reveals, here again was a case where an important descent-line chief who had religious duties, as the leader of ceremonies by which one people linked themselves with their founding ancestors’ in the world of spirits, was given political duties as well. Exercising these religious and political duties together, the king became powerful.

Before they became involved in trading with Portuguese merchants on the coast, the Wollof people had enjoyed the fruits of long established trading and cultural ties with the western Sudanese empires and had also benefited from trading with Futa Toro and the Berbers from North Africa. Through their own resourcefulness and these early trading links, the Wollof states grew wealthy and powerful.








DO

Chamen Kerr Bai Damo observes 21st annual Gamo

Tuesday, May 13, 2008
A respectable crowd gathered, last Friday, at Chamen Village, Lower Niumi District, to commemorate the annual Gamo (Muslim night of thanks giving and prayers).

The night long programme was preceded by the arrival of hundreds of Chamens and their respective families, friends, and well wishers around the country and Senegal.  

The village atmosphere was turned into a galaxy of buzz with noise, display of grand african attires, only known in bigger towns and cities, as people come from far and wider to give this august night the significance and repute it deserves.  There were cows slaughtered and good food cooked for the event and we all had a good bite of the food on offer.

There were great speakers on the night and they all spoke on the greatness of Islam as a religion and the virtues of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) that all Muslim should emulate.

Also on revelation were the good and great characteristics that make-up the lives and times of Bai Nyasse (Cheikh Al Islam),  founder and leader of the Tijina Sect in Sub-Saharan Africa. All speakers on the night dwelt on his greatness as a great african scholar and man of great blessings who led an eventful life, may his soul rest in eternal bless, Amen!

Mr. Baba Cham was the (MC) Master of Ceremony introducing speakers and distinguished personalities, also seized the opportunity to give an overview of the  on the minor but pivotal history bits of the village, the Gamo and others, a native of chamen and works at Elton Oil.  Serign Baboucarr Cham was the grand speaker on the night. I was so impressed with his following and popularity within the Jijania following her and in Senegal. Bai Ebra Nyasse, Ousman Nyasse (Name Shake) all spoke on the night.

An event of such grand nature does not happen without financial commitment and that was also on the offerings.  The villages did their financial contributions and local fund raising, the Chamiens in the Greater Banjul Area also did their own fund risings and contributions.  Mention was made of Njame Jallow a native but resident of USA and Alh. Baba Njie a resident of Banjul as two but major contributors to the Gamo 2008.

Senegambian relations

This Gamo to me has great offerings as it also serves as a bridge and an interface between the Gambia and Senegal and its people who all has a common root in history.

Like Bai Nyasse, the scholars (speakers) on the nights were from Senegal and they gave us a good night of listening and learning.  Gambia to this day do send our daughters and sons to Senegal to acquire knowledge in Islam as is manifested in the great and good such as Omar Bun Jeng, May his soul rest in eternal bliss too, Amen!

I was very impressed with our Senegalese brothers and sisters coming all the way to grace such mighty nights of knowledge with us and we exchange life experiences, goodies and greetings.  Traders also come from far and wide to see to us as we also sell to them what Gambia has on offer at the village.  Generally, it was a night of Islam and so too a night of cementing Sene-Gambienne relations.

The Gamo finally came to a close at Dawn a few minutes before Dawn prayers and the crowd disappeared into their respective destinations after pray and hope to see again next year in greater numbers and abilities.  They prayed for all, for the Gambia and its inhabitants and their sister country of Senegal and africa at large.  They greeted the government of the Gambia for the enabling environment and progress in the state of the country and tranquillity.



by Momodou Camara

Sunni Ali’s achievement

Monday, May 12, 2008
Sunni Ali was still organising his conquests into an effective empire when on his way home from an expedition against the Fulani in 1492, he was drowned in some mysterious circumstances. By the time he died Sonhai was the most powerful state in the western and central Sudan.

Comprising many different peoples under an effective administration. In spite of his achievements, however, Sunni Ali was a subject of controversy among the Sudanese chroniclers. ne of these writers called him “an impious monarch and horrible tyrant.” Another described him as “ A sanguinary despot who slaughtered so many thousands of people that God alone knows their number; he was cruel to pious and wise, he humiliated them and put them to death”.

On the other hand at least one of the chrnoniclers was pro Sunni Ali. “He surpassed all the kings, his predecessors, in numbers and valour of his soldiers he wrote, “his conquest were many and his renowned extended from the rising to the setting of the sun, if it is the will of God, he will be long spoken of.” Sunni Ali was certainly long spoken of by the Sudanese scholars but, alas, in controversial terms.

It is known that Sunni Ali was so busy about the affairs of this world that he paid litter attention to Islam. Indeed it was believed that he was a pagan. Therefore to the Muslim chroniclers who saw the promotion of Islam as the greatest duty of any ruler, Sunni Ali was bound to appear impious and a Sanguinary despot.

In spite of the testimony of the chrnoniclers however, the Ghanaian scholar Adu Boahene has described Sunni Ali as “easily the greatest of the rulers who ever mounted the throne of Gao. He laid the solid foundation on which his immediate successor built.” His verdict was that Sunni AU was “a clever politician, a brave soldier and an able administrator.”

Perhaps it was so for after all Sunni Ali is, to this day, more revered by the Songhai people of the present day Republic of Niger than any of the ancient rulers of the Songhai Empire.

Songhai under Mohammed Askia The Great

When Sunni Ali died in 1492, he was succeeded by his son Abu Bakr Dao.  He reigned for only a little over a year and was overthrown in a coup d’etat organised by Sunni Ali’s trusted Serahule general and prime minister, Mohammed Ture Ibn Ibi Bakr or Askia Mohammed who achieved so much in his long reign between 1493 and 1528 that he earned the title “Great”.

As one would expect, the first problem tackled by Askia Mohammed was that of legitimizing himself on the throne and ensuring that his children would rule in Songhai.  He achieved this in two ways.  First of all, he either killed or expelled from the Empire all the surviving members of the two previous ruling dynasties, the Za dynasty that had founded Gao and had ruled till 1275, and the Sunni dynasty that had ruled until 1493.

Askia Mohammed was so successful in this that the “Askia” dynasty he founded continued to rule in Songhai until the fall of the Empire.

After consolidating himself on the throne Askia Mohammed tried to win the support and allegiance of his people through the use of Islam which, he realised, could be strong unifying force.  Immediately after his accession to the throne, he courted the friendship of the Muslims whom he and his former master Sunni Ali had persecuted.

He appointed many of them as court advisers: To crown these efforts Askia Muhammed went on the pilgrimage to Mecca in 1497.  This pilgrimage to Mecca was organised on a scale that reminded one of that of Mansa Musa of Manding.  For instance he was said to have been accompanied by 1,000 infantry, and 500 horsemen carrying huge amounts of gold.  He spent huge amounts of gold on alms, presents and on a hostel which he bought in Cairo for the use of Sudanese pilgrims going to and returning from Mecca.

In recognition of his strict adherence to and promotion of Islam, Askia Muhammed was awarded the title “Caliph of the backs” by the Sharif of Mecca and he thus became the acknowledged Islamic leader of the Western Sudan.  Like Mansa Musa before him, Askia Mohammed returned from the pilgrimage with a number of celebrated Islamic scholars.  These served the Empire as educators, administrators, advisers, and judges.  As more Muslims were attracted to Songhai, so relations with the Muslim world improved, and this meant more trade and prosperity for Songhai.

The next problem tackled by Askia Mohammed was that of consolidating and extending the conquests of Sunni Ali.

With a well-trained and fully equipped army, he began his conquests by marching south and attacking the Mossi.  Though he failed to defeat the Mossi, like Sunni Ali before him, he was nevertheless able to strengthen he hold of Songhai on the southern regions.

From the south, he turned westwards and attacked and conquered what remained of the Kingdom of Manding after a war lasting thirteen years.  From the west, he marched eastwards and reconquered Agadez and reduced the Hausa states of Kano, Katsina and Zamfara to tributary state of the Songhai empire.  In the north, he also consolidated Ali’s conquest and extended Songhai political sway into the Sahara as far north as the salt mining centre of Taghaza.

Administration

To consolidate the territorial gains made himself and his predecessor, Askia Mohammed set up an electorate system of administration.  He first abolished the existing political divisions and redivided his entire empire into four regions and at the head of each he placed a governor.  Local rulers still had authority but they were responsible to the regional governors.

Askia Mohammed also placed judges in the main towns throughout the empire.  In metropolitan Songhai itself, the king held direct control of the machinery of government.  He appointed council of ministers that assisted him in ruling not only metropolitan Songhai but the entire empire.  These ministers included the Balama or minister of defence, “the Fari Mundya” or Minister of Finance, the “Korey-farma” or Minister of Foreign Affairs and the “Bari Farma” or minister in charge or rivers, lakes and fisheries.

All these positions in the government were filled with people who were either from the kings’ own family or had married into it and he could depose any of them at any time.

Source of Imperial Revenue

To meet the cost of an administrative machinery of this magnitude and complexity as well as maintain a standing army, Askia Mohammed established reliable source of Income.  The most important of these sources were the royal estates established throughout the empire and worked by slaves under a “Fanfa” or estate manager.  Each estate had to produce a fixed quantity of a particular commodity per year.  

For instance, his estate called Abda in the province of Dendi, which had 200 slaves under four managers had to produce a fixed amount of rice per year; some had to produce corn and others bales of dried fish.  He also had certain groups of slaves who were craftsmen and had to produce a fixed number of say boats, arrows, or spears per year to maintain the army and navy.  Some were sold to replenish the imperial treasury.

The second main source of income was tribute from vassal states as well as from taxes on farmers and above all from customs duties.

To ensure maximum income from tolls and customs duties, Askia Mohammed did everything to promote trade and commerce.  He made sure that the trade routes were safe by rigidly controlling the troublesome Tuareg.  Furthermore he unified the system of weights and measures throughout the empire and appointed inspectors for all the important markets to check any falsification.  

The result of these measures was that trade boomed.  The commercial activities of Songhai were centred on its three main cities.  These were Timbuctu which controlled commercial relations with the west and northwest, Gao which served the regions to the east and north east like Kano, Tripoli and Egypt and Jenne which was the centre for internal commerce.  These towns also became important centres of industry.  The main exports of Songhai remained the traditional ones of gold, ivory and slaves, while her leading imports were salt from Taghaza and horses from North Africa. The medium of exchange was the usual cowries, though Leo Africanus noticed that gold coins, without any stamp, were in circulation in Timbuctu.

Education

Another great achievement of Askia Mohammed lay in the field of education.  Askia Mohammed, especially after his return from the pilgrimage to Mecca, encouraged the spread of education to a degree unparalleled in the history of the western Sudan.  Askia Muhammed cared not only for the material but also the spiritual development of his subjects.  

Hence, from the time of his return from Mecca till his death he did everything in his power to see that Islam was purified and education and learning were promoted.

For the purification of Islam, Askia Mohammed attacked illiteracy and saw to it that the ritual prayers and other duties of Muslims such as fasting and alms giving were observed and insisted that women should go about veiled.  He also ensured that his officials imposed no illegal taxes and that Judges gave Judgement according to the laws of the Islamic Sharia.

Perhaps more memorable and successful was Askia Mohammed’s encouragement of higher education.  As a result of the peace and order that prevailed in the empire, scholars and professors were attracted to Timbucu which became a great educational centre.  There were as many as 150 koranic schools in Timbuctu alone and university education were provided in the mosque of Sankore.  The University of Sankore produced a great number of distinguished jurists, historians and theologians.

One of them, already mentioned, was Mohammed Kati and another was the celebrated scholar Ahmad Baba who contributed to the literature of the western Sudan a biographical dictionary and as many as fifty books on Islamic Law.

This, then, was the picture of Songhai at the peak of its power in the sixteenth century.  Peace, order and security reigned, commerce boomed, Islam was purified and learning and intellectual activities flourished.  However, by the end of that very century, some sixty years after the death of Askia Mohammed, the largest empire ever created in Tropical Africa had faded out of the stage of history.

Decline and fall of Songhai

Askia Mohammed’s long reign marked the climax of the greatness of Songhai.  Many of the successors of Askia the great could not cope with the problems which contributed to the decline and final collapse of the empire at the close of the sixteenth century.

Various reasons have been given for the fall of the empire of Songhai.  To the Serahule writer Muhmud Kati Songhai collapses mainly because of internal weakness.  The Ghanaian scholar, Adu Boahene, rejects the view of internal weakness as causing the collapse of Songhai, and states that “when the Empire of Songhai did fall it was essentially due to external rather than to internal decline”.

Both views seem to underrate either the internal or external forces at work which contributed to the final collapse of the Songhai Empire.  The evidence would suggest newthat external factors precipitated the collapse of the Empire which had been weakened by many internal stresses.











DO

The Role and Contribution of Islam in Promoting the Culture of Peace in a Globalized World

Friday, May 09, 2008

Part 5)

3-Islam: a Vehicle for Peace in a Globalized World

Globalization is the process of imparting globalism. Due to its multi-faceted nature, encompassing economic, scientific, technological, cultural and political dimensions, globalism is elusive and difficult to grasp. Nonetheless it is a world that can be described as one village. Because of the extreme rapidity of motion today, a sneeze in Singapore is directly felt in Ethiopia and cough in America vibrates in the Gambia. What is interesting is that globalization as it was consciously designed is different from globalization as it is unconsciously unfolding.

I may claim that the latest global paradigm is the “New World Order” of the Neo-Conservatives in America as declared by Mr. Bush the father. It began to emerge after the collapse of former Soviet Union, intensified after the American victory over Saddam Hussein in the Second Golf War and became very convincing to the American public opinion after 9/11.

Despite the fact that the term globalization is relatively recent, the idea is not. In their ancient mystery system, Egyptians entertained the idea of self knowledge as a global reflection, and despite the fact that to the Greeks the idea of the Polis (City State) was deep-rooted the Stoics entertained the idea of a “universal reason”

However, the most important global worldview originated from the son of Abdullah and Aminah, a child who was born in Mecca in 571 AC in the year of the Elephant. He was named Muhammad derived form ‘hamd” carrying all meanings of peace. His entire life can always serve as the basis of global peace for both Muslims and non-Muslims alike

With him came the idea of universalism as the best contribution to human peace. The idea of unity of origin of all matter, space and time is deep-rooted in Islamic universalism. The biggest dilemma for globalism resides in its extreme individualistic approach to reality, its constant failure to see unity in diversity. Based on the concept of the unity of origin of all matter, Islam logically and most importantly promotes the idea of unity of the origin humanness and humanity. The Qur’an declares:

Verily we have made you peoples and tribes that you may know one another al-Hujrat, 49:13.

Islamic universalism teaches against all forms of cultural ethnic tribal feelings of superiority. “All of you are from Adam and Adam is from clay; there is neither superiority for Arabs over non- Arabs nor is there superiority for non-Arabs over Arabs except by piety, the Prophet (pbuh) declared.

To be continued

By Dr. Omar Jah Jr. - Head of the Humanities Department - University of the Gambia

GAMBIA GETS A NEW ISLAMIC CENTER

Friday, April 25, 2008

 

 

A center for the harmonization of school of thought and its website will be lunched Sunday the 27th April 2008 at latri Kunda town of Serekunda the Gambia. First of its kind of a new initiative, aiming to bring different schools of thought within the Islamic ummah together. This was contained in a press release signed by founder and Secretary General of the Center Alhagie Ousman Jah.

The center will complement government efforts in making peace, tolerance and social harmony among all groups living in the country, said Jah.  He said the establishment of the Center is in line with the call emphasizing the need for Muslim followers of   other religions to continue the dialogue for the sake of national peace and stability.

He went on to say these views are strongly advocated by the Supreme Islamic Council which is the umbrella body for all Islamic Organizations in the country. He said the ultimate aim of the Center is to encourage tolerance and dialogue among scholars, groups or sects and to eventually eliminate unnecessary differences, misunderstandings, and conflicts among Muslims in the Gambia and beyond. 

In a brochure prepared by Jah, explain that the unity of Muslims entails understanding tolerance and co-operation among the adherent, of the different school of thoughts is something to be nurtured.

He said his Center will put in place collective efforts and strategies in order to achieve the lofty ideas and goals of Islam for the progress and prosperity of the Muslim ummah and to stand united in confronting the enemies of unity, peace and understanding.

The Center Jah, said in order to achieve the goals and objectives has already designed an action plan that entails organizing Islamic conferences, symposium and forums for exchange of culture and dialogue.

The center also plans to be holding round table and phone –in television and radio programmes. He said other means of achieving the goals is encouraging Islamic Scholars of different school of thought and roots into research, with the aim of creating an atmosphere of understanding each others stand point and beliefs. Another means of achieving the goals is by setting up a library of very good Islamic books that will encourage reading where by improve peoples understanding of their religion.

 

Alahagie Ousman Jah himself an Islamic Scholar and have been engaged in educating the masses through a school system and mass media is the one behind the center.

Web www.islamic-harmonization.org

   

 

 

                                                            

Staff Reporter
Press release

The Role and Contribution of Islam in Promoting the Culture of Peace in a Globalized World

Monday, April 07, 2008

Part 2

The worst thing in relation to this point is the disgraceful Muslim failure to respond effectively to this strategy. In the process of hegemonic globalization of the Western culture, Muslims have become so intellectually impoverished that they can no longer question the premises of the global intellectual argument. We either lack the knowledge or the courage to respond to such manipulative interpretation maybe for fear of being stereotyped as, for example, intellectual terrorists.

Third, the dilemma of an Ummah living in a global village tightly framed in confused, uncertain and paranoid postmodern epistemology and interacting as a mere object with a might that is often militant and aggressive but worse still a might that enjoys eloquence abilities that always turn the victim to look like the criminal and the criminal to look like the victim

Fourth, and the worst factor that makes the theme difficult is the state of Muslim internal crisis of the loss of adab (discipline) amongst themselves a situation that has already produced a chronic state of psychological emotionalism, intellectual literalism and social over reactionism generated through ages of injustices inflicted upon the Muslim populace both externally and internally mostly by the Muslim governments themselves.

In our crises, the blame should be first laid on the Muslims themselves. There has always been a form of Islamic Machiavellian politics led by Muslim totalitarian governments who to rest in power would create tribal and religious tensions and indoctrinate their peoples into a high degree of emotionalism. Such high degree of emotionalism has further been exploited by the enemies of Islam through provocative attitudes seen, for example, in Salman Rushdi’s Satanic Verses and the caricaturing of our Prophet (pbuh) to purposely consolidate in the public sub-conscience the wrong messages about Islam and its contribution to the world peace and prosperity.

In short, in this global village, where a sneeze in one corner is directly felt in the other, engulfed in rejection of spiritualities with a zeal to materialistic attraction, confused by the paradigm of quantum uncertainty, ruled by the law of the might, and threatened with the possibility of a nuclear conflict, what is the role of Islam and Muslims in spreading peace and making the world a better place to live in?

This paper tests the hypothesis that Islam is peace and that Islam and its followers have contributed in the past and present in promoting the culture of peace and that they can play a better peace role in the 21stcentury. It attempts to falsify the theory of Islamic intolerance, an image wrongly channeled to the world sub-conscience by a cunning minority through a brutal media in order to perpetuate hatred against Islam. The paper gives some theoretical as well as practical examples of the Islamic peaceful approach and suggests mechanisms for future contribution to the world peace in a globalized world.

By Dr. Omar Jah Jr. Head of the Humanities Department, University of the Gambia
Friday 4th April 2008 Issue

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